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period 4 element
A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or ''period'') of the periodic table of the elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fourth period contains 18 elements, beginning with potassium and ending with krypton. As a rule, period 4 elements fill their 4s shells first, then their 3d and 4p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as chromium.
==Properties==
Every single one of these elements are stable, and many are extremely common in the earth's crust and/or core; it is the last period with no unstable elements at all. Many of the transition metals in period 4 are incredibly strong, and therefore commonly used in industry, especially iron. Copper is one of three elements that are not silver or gray in color, along with caesium and gold. Three adjacent elements are known to be toxic, with arsenic one of the most well-known poisons, selenium being toxic to humans in large quantities, and bromine, a very toxic liquid. Many elements are essential to humans' survival, such as calcium being what forms bones.
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